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Chapter 13 . Debugging and Repairing Databases 339 The result is a summary of the mysqlhotcopy command. As with many other MySQL commands and scripts, you can obtain a syntax description by simply typing the command, as shown in Figure 13-1. Figure 13-1: The syntax of the mysqlhotcopy command can be obtained by typing the command with no arguments. As Figure 13-1 shows, the basic syntax for the mysqlhotcopycommand is mysqlhotcopy [./
/] [ | ] Figure 13-1 also shows these other options and switches that you can use with the mysqlhotcopy command (note the case sensitivity): -u or –user -S or –socket -P or –port –debug -q or –quiet Cross- Reference Chapter 8 contains detailed discussion of switches (such as those for specifying username, port, and socket) to use with the mysqlhotcopy command.
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338 Part III . Administration Performing Database Backups As part of my consulting for business database systems, I once received an emergency call from a new client who had the unfortunate incident that everyone fears: A hard drive failure. The client and I tried desperately to recover the drive, even working with the manufacturer. It became evident that no amount of effort to recover the drive was going to bring it back to life. The obvious next step to get their business back online was to restore from backup. I ll never forget the pause when I said, It appears we ll need to restore from backup. The client had no backup of the drive thus no backup of the database. The previous scenario is all too common. No backups are done to critical data and no extra copies are stored, even on the same disk. When something catastrophic happens, the hard drive and all the data on it can be lost. With the client, we eventually sent the hard drive back to the manufacturer and they were able to perform expensive data recovery. The client ended up with a week s worth of downtime and a large bill from the hard drive manufacturer for data recovery. This section examines some tools for making backups of the data within MySQL. These tools include mysqlhotcopy, mysqldump, and the BACKUP TABLE statement. mysqlhotcopy The program mysqlhotcopyis the MySQL AB recommended method for backing up a database. With mysqlhotcopyyou can make a backup of a live database and have the results copied to another directory. The mysqlhotcopyprogram is actually written in Perl so be sure to have Perl and its related MySQL-Perl libraries installed. As with all programs, mysqlhotcopy has its limitations: . It presently supports only cp. Therefore mysqlhotcopydoesn t copy the resulting file to another server. However, this function can be added (along with other methods) for ensuring the storage of the backup in a different location. . It can run only on the actual database server. An administrator must connect to the database server to run the command, or schedule it with a scheduling program such as cron. Caution Because mysqlhotcopy uses the cp command, it cannot run on Microsoft Windows platforms such as Windows 2000. Should you want more information on the mysqlhotcopy command (and you don t have this book available), you can run the following command: perldoc mysqlhotcopy
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Debugging and Repairing Databases In a perfect world, computers and computer software would work correctly the first time. In a perfect world, hard disks would never fail. In a perfect world, I would have a much better introduction for this chapter than a clich about computer failures. Part of administration of any computer system is a good routine of backups. In this chapter I ll look at methods for backing up the data in the MySQL server. MySQL AB includes several methods for producing backups of the data and datafiles. Having backups is just one of the facets of managing a database server. If something goes awry with the data, know what can be done to correct the problems. I ll examine some tools included with MySQL for troubleshooting and repairing table problems. If repairing can t fix a problem, you ll need to restore from a backup. The restore process and related commands are covered in this chapter as well. After reading this chapter you should be able to successfully perform backups, restores, and troubleshooting for table problems. I recommend making a backup or two as soon as possible. 13 1313 CHAPTER …. In This Chapter Performing database backups Troubleshooting and repairing database problems Restoring a database Devising a plan for regular backups ….
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336 Part III . Administration . With MySQL software security there are a number of items you can do to improve security. These include keeping the software updated, firewalling the server, running the server as a non-privileged user, and additional steps to assist in security of the MySQL software. . MySQL authentication and privileges determine what access a user will have for a database. Authentication is done with a user/host combination. . There are many privileges that can be granted to a user. The privileges can be granted with granularity to the column level with a table. . Privileges are normally given to a user through the use of the GRANTstatement and taken away from a user with a REVOKE statement. The DELETE statement is necessary to remove a user completely from the database. . It is common to receive Access Deniederror messages when attempting to connect to a database. These errors can occur for a number of reasons, some as simple as typing the password incorrectly. …
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Chapter 12 . Security 335 Caution If you have a user account in the database with the SHUTDOWNprivilege, now would be the time to use that account. The first step in the process for emergency password recovery is to stop the MySQL server. In a perfect world, you could issue a SHUTDOWNcommand to the MySQL server. If you don t have a user with the SHUTDOWN privilege, you have to kill the server with an operating-system command (in Linux, this is the kill command; in Windows, it s the End Task box that appears after you use Ctrl+Alt+Del). MySQL AB specifically recommends that you don t use the -9 signal when you issue the operating system s kill command. 2. Restart the server with the –skip-grant-tables command-line switch. 3. Set the password, using one of the following methods: Set the password as you would for a new installation: mysqladmin -h -u root password
Note The new password must be in single quotes. Substitute your host for and the new password for
. Alternatively, you can enter the MySQL CLI and change the password. 4. Issue the FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement so that MySQL reads the other grants and privileges and the new password takes effect. Summary MySQL security is a topic of many facets, but with three main areas of concern: the host server, the MySQL software, and the user accounts. No one facet is more important than another; securing all is necessary to protect the database. In pursuit of that goal, the least-privilege system is a security approach that gives users only the absolute minimum of access needed to perform their jobs. . Implementing and preserving the security of the host server involves three basic rules: Maintain a proactive approach to keeping up with exploits and problems with software you are running. Apply patches and fixes as soon as they are released. Disable unused services and verify that only the services you specify are running.
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334 Part III . Administration Figure 12-22: Various Access Denied errors . In the first example, I simply forget to specify the -p switch to have MySQL prompt me for a password. . In the second example, I remember the -pswitch but only press Enter at the prompt. . The third example is familiar to me (and to too many of us): a mistyped password. . The final example is denied simply because the user does not have any privilege that allows connection to the mysql database. The third example in Figure 12-22 is interesting because that same error can occur if the user exists but the password is different for that user/host combination. For example, if a database has two users called suehring, one user/host combination could be suehring@localhost and another could be suehring@192.168.1.1. If the passwords are different for each user/host combination and I typed the wrong password for either one, the same error would occur. Note MySQL uses the user/host combination for authentication against a password. Oops, I forgot the root password Though you someday may be in a situation that requires you to perform these steps on your MySQL server, I sincerely hope you never have to. If you have forgotten the root password for MySQL and don t have any other users with GRANT privileges on the database server, you will need to reset the password in order to be able to perform GRANTS and possibly other functions. Here are the steps, and may you never need them: 1. Stop the database.
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